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TIME: Almanac 1993
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1992-10-19
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MEDICINE, Page 50Beating Breast Cancer
Hormonal therapy is more effective for a wider range of patients
than doctors had ever dreamed
For women facing the trials and terrors of breast cancer, the
worst part of the ordeal -- worse even than the possibility of
losing a breast -- is the sense that the nightmare is not over
even after the stitches heal. Breast cancer strikes 1 out of 9
women in industrialized countries and recurs in a third of all
patients within five years of their initial diagnosis and in
more than half within 10 years.
The grim statistics have led most women and their doctors
to opt for additional treatment beyond surgery: radiation,
chemotherapy with toxic drugs, and hormonal therapy with
tamoxifen pills, which block the estrogens that can stimulate
tumor growth. Though millions of research dollars and hours have
been poured into determining which treatments work best for
which patients, the results have often been contradictory and
confusing.
Now, thanks to a gigantic study published in last week's
issue of the British medical journal Lancet, the choice of
treatment should be clearer. Tamoxifen, alone or combined with
other therapies, will become the treatment of choice for a
greater number of patients than ever before.
Led by epidemiologist Richard Peto, researchers at Oxford
University pooled together the raw data from 133 studies
conducted around the world on 75,000 women with operable breast
cancer over the past four decades. Using a complex and unusual
statistical process, they found that for women with early
cancer, tamoxifen boosted 10-year survival rates from 71% to
75%. Although that kind of advance seems incremental, it
translates into tens of thousands of lives each year.
For women with somewhat more advanced tumors, the study
showed, combining tamoxifen with other therapies greatly
improved survival rates. Furthermore, tamoxifen alone, which
produces few side effects, reduced the risk of cancer spreading
to the other breast by 40%.
The drug's benefits were clear in both young and old
patients. Most surprising, tamoxifen seemed to help even those
women whose tumors were not of the type whose growth depends on
estrogen. "The drug probably has other mechanisms of action,"
says Dr. Andrew Dorr of the National Cancer Institute. "It may
be a tumor suppressor in and of itself."
Though most patients receiving tamoxifen stop taking the
pills after a few years, last week's report showed that the
benefits seem to last longer than anyone had realized. "Women
on tamoxifen for just two years had a decreased chance of dying
10 years later," observes Dr. I. Craig Henderson of Harvard, an
organizer of the study.
The Oxford study was a milestone not only in breast-cancer
research but also in the use of a new statistical technique
called meta-analysis, which enables researchers to pool data
from many studies and compare otherwise incomparable results.
The technique was recently used in a major study revealing the
benefits of aspirin in treating heart disease. "It is emerging
as an important tool in medicine," says Dorr, and one that can
be deployed without the considerable costs and risks of a large
clinical trial.
By Christine Gorman.